This book has been in the making for half a century. It synthesizes five decades of painstaking reseach on the land, the rise and fall of kingdoms, the city centers, and finally the ideologies that led to the creation of Pakistan. Much of the evidence for this historical explanation of the rise of Pakistan has been derived from the numerous inscriptions carved painstakingly in stone or left in the form of archaeological finds and architectural testimony of our forefathers, which have been carefully investigated and documented in the twentieth century by Professor Dani and his fellow archaeologists